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184_notes:examples:week14_ac_graph [2017/11/28 16:34] – created tallpaul | 184_notes:examples:week14_ac_graph [2018/08/09 19:19] (current) – curdemma | ||
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- | ===== Changing | + | [[184_notes: |
- | Suppose you have an increasing | + | |
+ | ===== Analyzing an Alternating | ||
+ | Suppose you are given the following graph of current | ||
+ | |||
+ | [{{ 184_notes: | ||
===Facts=== | ===Facts=== | ||
- | * The current | + | * The first peak in the graph is at $(t=0.01\text{ s}, I=0.3\text{ A})$. |
- | * The rectangle has dimensions $w$ by $h$, and a side with length $h$ is parallel to the wire. | + | |
- | * The rectangle and the wire lie in the same plane, and are separated by a distance $d$. | + | |
===Lacking=== | ===Lacking=== | ||
- | * $V_{ind}$. | + | * Amplitude, period, frequency. |
- | * Direction of $I_{ind}$. | + | * Equation for alternating current. |
===Approximations & Assumptions=== | ===Approximations & Assumptions=== | ||
- | * The long wire is infinitely long and thin and straight. | + | * The graph of the current |
- | * There are no external contributions to the B-field. | + | * As indicated on the graph, at $t=0$, we have $I=0$. |
+ | * The current is centered about $I=0$, that is, the sine wave has not been shifted vertically at all. | ||
===Representations=== | ===Representations=== | ||
- | * We represent the magnetic field from a very long straight wire as $$B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi r}$$ where direction is determined based on the right hand rule | + | * We represent the graph as given in the example statement. |
- | * We represent magnetic flux as $$\Phi_B = \int \vec{B} \bullet \text{d}\vec{A}$$ | + | |
- | * We can represent induced voltage as $$V_{ind} = -\frac{\text{d}\Phi}{\text{d}t}$$ | + | |
- | * We represent the situation with the following visual. We arbitrarily choose a direction for the current. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | {{ 184_notes: | + | |
====Solution==== | ====Solution==== | ||
- | In order to find the induced voltage, we will need the magnetic flux. This requires defining an area-vector and determining the magnetic field. We can use the right hand rule to determine the the magnetic field from the wire is into the page ($-\hat{z}$) near the rectangle. For convenience, | + | Since the graph has not been shifted vertically, we can say that the peak we see is also the amplitude of the graph. So the amplitude |
- | + | ||
- | $$\Phi_B = \int \vec{B} \bullet \text{d}\vec{A} = \int B\text{d}A$$ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usually, we would pull the $B$ out of the integral, but we cannot do that in this case! That is because | + | |
- | + | ||
- | $$\int_{\text{rectangle}} B\text{d}A = \int_{\text{left to right}} \int_{\text{top to bottom}} B\text{d}x\text{d}y = \int_{x=d}^{x=d+w} \int_{y=0}^{y=h} \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi x}\text{d}x\text{d}y$$ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the first equality, we just changed the integral from over the " | + | |
- | {{ 184_notes: | + | The period |
- | At this point, our integral is set up enough that we can crunch through the analysis. We can pull out constants to the front and calculate to the end: | + | [{{ 184_notes:14_ac_graph_slices.png? |
- | \begin{align*} | + | It should be easy to see based on the visual above that the time between peaks is just four times the time value at the first peak. So then the period is $0.04\text{ |
- | \int_{x=d}^{x=d+w} \int_{y=0}^{y=h} \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi x}\text{d}x\text{d}y &= \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi} \int_{d}^{d+w} \frac{\text{d}x}{x} \int_{0}^{y} \text{d}y \\ | + | |
- | &= \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi} \left[\log x \right]_{d}^{d+w} \left[ y \right]_{0}^{y} \\ | + | |
- | &= \frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi} \left(\log(d+w) - \log(d)\right) \left( h-0 \right) \\ | + | |
- | &= \frac{\mu_0 I h}{2 \pi} \log\left(\frac{d+w}{d}\right) | + | |
- | \end{align*} | + | |
- | At this point, we are equipped to find the induced voltage. Notice that everything in the magnetic flux expression is constant in time, //except// for to current, $I$. Here is the induced voltage: | + | The frequency is just the reciprocal of the period: |
- | $$V_{ind} | + | $$f = \frac{1}{\tau} = \frac{1}{0.04\text{ |
- | Notice that the induced voltage is negative. This means that the induced current produces | + | We are also now equipped to write a equation for the alternating current. We will use a sine function rather than a cosine function, since the current |
- | {{ 184_notes: | + | $$I=I_0\sin(2\pi \cdot f \cdot t) = (0.3\text{ A}) \cdot \sin(2\pi \cdot 25\text{ Hz} \cdot t)$$ |