183_notes:examples:predicting_the_motion_of_system_subject_to_a_spring_interaction [Projects & Practices in Physics]

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===== Example: Predicting the motion of a system that is subject to a spring interaction/Predicting the final location of an object moving under a non-constant force =====

A spring has a relaxed length of (0.2m) and it has a spring constant of 8 N/m. Attached to the top of the spring is a block of mass (.06)kg. A force is exerted on the block to compress the spring to a total length of (0.1m). Predict the y position for the block after 0.1 second and 0.2 seconds.

=== Facts ====

  * Spring has relaxed length of (0.2m) $L_0=0.2m$
  * Spring has compressed length of (0.1m) $|\vec{L}| = 0.1m$
  * Spring has spring constant of $8 N/m$
  * Block of mass (.06)kg attached to top of the spring
  * The block has no initial momentum, $\vec{p_i} = \langle 0,0,0 \rangle$
  * There are two forces acting on the spring, the gravitational force and the spring force

=== Lacking ===
  * The $y$ position of the block after 0.1 and 0.2 seconds.



=== Approximations & Assumptions ===
  * Assume block is at rest when released from compressed position therefore the initial momentum of block is zero
  * Assume that the origin is at the base of the spring
  * Over the time interval investigated drag forces are negligible.

=== Representations ===

{{183_notes:spring_example_2.jpg?300}}
 
  * The force of the spring is given by $\vec{F}_{spring} = -k_s (|\vec{L}| - L_0) \hat{L}$ 
  * The gravitational force is given by $\vec{F}_{Earth}=-mg$
  * The momentum of the system is given by $\vec{p_f}=\vec{p_i}+\vec{F_{net}} \Delta t$
  * Momentum equation = $m(\vec{v}) = \vec{p}$
  * Postion update = $\vec{r_f} = \vec{r_i} + \vec{v}_{avg} \Delta t$

  
==== Solution ====


To solve this problem we must first set-up force equations for both spring and force due to gravity. To begin this process we must first determine the position vector ($\vec{L}$) of the mass and the length of the position vector ($|\vec{L}|$).

$$\vec{L}=\langle 0,0.1,0 \rangle - \langle 0,0,0 \rangle = \langle 0,0.1,0 \rangle m$$

$$\vec{|L|}=0.1$$

These can be used to compute the unit (direction) vector for the stretch ($\hat{s}$) (the difference between $|\vec{L}|$ and the relaxed distance \langle 0,.2,0 \rangle, which is in the same direction as the position vector.

$$\hat{L}=\langle 0,1,0 \rangle$$

As expected it is acting only in the y direction. 

You can now input the unit vector and rewrite the representation for the spring force equation so that it is acting solely in the y direction as indicated by the unit vector.

$$F_{spring} = -k_s(|\vec{L}|-L_0)\langle 0,1,0 \rangle = \langle 0,-k_s(|\vec{L}|-L_0),0 \rangle$$

We know that the force due to gravity acts solely in the y direction also so we can write the representation for the force equation to represent this:

$$F_{Earth} = \langle 0,-mg,0 \rangle$$

The initial momentum of the block is zero, since you approximate that it is at rest when you release it

$$\vec{p_i}= \langle 0,0,0 \rangle$$

All of the forces acting on the system by the spring and gravitational force are in the y direction, and the initial x and z components of the blocks momentum are zero, so we only need to consider the y components of forces.

$$F_{spring} = -k_s(|\vec{L}|-L_0)\hat{L}$$

$$F_{Earth}=-mg$$

The addition of these two forces is the net force acting on the system:

$$F_{net,y} = F_{spring,y} + F_{Earth,y}$$

We needed the net force in order to be able to calculate the momentum at different time intervals as the momentum of a system is dependent on the net force on that system:

$$\vec{p_f}=\vec{p_i}+\vec{F_{net}} \Delta t$$

So we are now going to calculate the y position of the system for 0.1 seconds.

As found earlier: 

$$\vec{|L|} = 0.1m$$

The stretch is equal to \vec{|L|} - the relaxed distance (0.2m).

$$s = 0.1m - 0.2m = -0.1m$$

Compute the value of the force of the spring.

$$F_{spring_y} = -8N/m(-0.1m)= +0.8N$$

Compute the value of the force due to gravity.

$$F_{Earth,y} = -0.06kg * 9.8N/kg = -0.588N$$

Add the force of spring to force due to gravity to obtain the net force.

$$F_{net,y} = .212N$$

Input this net force into the equation for momentum using 0.1s as the time to find the momentum at this instance.

$$p_{fy} = 0 + (.212N)(0.1s)\quad(Momentum\ Principle)\\$$

Compute momentum:

$$p_{fy} = 0.0212 kg * m/s$$

In order to find the change in position of the system we must find the velocity of the system for the time interval of 0.1s using the momentum just computed. Assume v_{avg,y} is approximate to v_{fy} for the time period of 0.1s.

$$v_{avg,y} \approx v_{fy}$$

Using the equation $m(\vec{v}) = \vec{p}$ we can calculate $v_{fy}$ using momentum just found and the mass of the system.

$$v_{fy} = \dfrac{p_{fy}}{m} = \dfrac{0.0212 kg * m/s}{0.06kg} = +0.353m/s$$

Using the position update equation $\vec{r_f} = \vec{r_i} + \vec{v}_{avg} \Delta t$ we can compute the new position of the system:

$$y_f = 0.1m + (0.353m/s)(0.1s) \quad(position\ update)\\$$

$$y_f = 0.135m  \quad(position\ in\ y\ direction\ after\ .1s)\\$$

For the time of 0.2s we just have to repeat the process but use the new values for \vec{|L|}, s, F_{spring_y} and F_{net,y}.

Use the y position of the system for 0.1 seconds as the initial position for 0.2s. 

$$\vec{|L|} = 0.135m$$

Compute the new s based on this new \vec{|L|}

$$s = 0.135m -0.2m = -0.0647m$$

Calculate the new force of the spring based on the new s distance. The force due gravity remains the same.

$$F_{spring,y} = +0.520N$$

Add the force due to the spring to the force due to gravity.

$$F_{net,y} = -0.0707N$$

Calculate the momentum using this new net force.

$$p_{fy} = (0.0212 kg * m/s) + (-0.0707N)(0.1s)$$

$$p_{fy} = 0.0141 kg * m/s$$

Calculate the new $v_{fy}$ based on this new momentum.

$$v_{fy} = 0.236 m/s$$

Update position based on this new velocity.

$$y_{f} = 0.159m \quad(position\ in\ y\ direction\ after\ .2s)\\$$

If you wished to calculate to position after 0.3s you repeat the same calculations again based on the y position that was computed for .2s.